Klinične študije o holeretičnem in holagogem delovanju:
* Gebhardt R. Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. Anticholestatic activity of flavonoids from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and of their metabolites. Med Sci Monit. 2001 May;7 Suppl 1:316-20. PMID: 12211745 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Saenz Rodríguez T, Garcia Jiménez D, de la Puerta Vazquez R. Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, Seville, Spain. Choleretic activity and biliary elimination of lipids and bile acids induced by an artichoke leaf extract in rats. Phytomedicine. 2002 Dec;9(8):687-93. PMID: 12587687 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Kirchoff R, Beckers CH, Kirchoff GM, et al. Increase of choleresis by means of artichoke extract. Phytomedicine 1994;1:107–15.
* Adzet T, Camarasa J, Laguna JC. Departamento de Farmacognosia y Farmacodinamia, Facultad de Farmacia, Núcleo Universitario de Pedralbes, Barcelona, Spain. Hepatoprotective activity of polyphenolic compounds from Cynara scolymus against CCl4 toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. J Nat Prod. 1987 Jul-Aug;50(4):612-7. PMID:
3430163 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Agarwal R, Katiyar SK, Lundgren DW, Mukhtar H. Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Cleveland, Case Western Reserve University, OH 44106. Inhibitory effect of silymarin, an anti-hepatotoxic flavonoid, on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced epidermal ornithine decarboxylase activity and mRNA in SENCAR mice. Carcinogenesis. 1994 Jun;15(6):1099-103. PMID: 8020140 [PubMed – indexed for MEDLINE].
* Gebhardt R. Institute of Biochemistry, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. Anticholestatic activity of flavonoids from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and of their metabolites. Med Sci Monit. 2001 May;7 Suppl 1:316-20. PMID: 12211745 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Speroni E, Cervellati R, Govoni P, Guizzardi S, Renzulli C, Guerra MC. Department of Pharmacology, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 48, Italy. Efficacy of different Cynara scolymus preparations on liver complaints. J Ethnopharmacol. 2003 Jun;86(2-3):203-11. PMID: 12738088 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Adzet T, Camarasa J, Laguna JC. Departamento de Farmacognosia y Farmacodinamia, Facultad de Farmacia, Nucleo Universitario de Pedralbes, Barcelona, Spain. Hepatoprotective activity of polyphenolic compounds from Cynara scolymus against CCl4 toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. J Nat Prod. 1987 Jul-Aug;50(4):612-7. PMID:
3430163 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Maros T, Racz G, Katonai B, Kovacs VV. Effects of Cynara scolymus extracts on the regeneration of rat liver (1). Arzneimittelforschung. 1966 Feb;16(2):127-9. PMID: 6014003 [PubMed- indexed for MEDLINE].
* Maros T, Seres-Sturm L, Racz G, Rettegi C, Kovacs VV, Hints M. Effect of Cynara scolymus extracts on the regeneration of rat liver (2). Arzneimittelforschung. 1968 Jul;18(7):884-6. PMID: 5755836 [PubMed- indexed for MEDLINE].
* Kraft K. Artichoke leaf extract – Recent findings reflecting effects on lipid metabolism, liver and gastrointestinal tracts. Phytomedicine 1997,
4: 369-378. Libro citado y descrito en el: Blumenthal M, Goldberg A, Brinckmann J (Ed). Expanded Commission E Monographs, American Botanical Council, publié en collaboration avec Integrative Medicine Communications, États-Unis, 2000, p. 10 à 12.
* Wegener T, Fintelmann V. Dienstleistung Phytopharmaka, Rheda-Wiedenbruck. Pharmacological properties and therapeutic profile of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.). Wien Med Wochenschr. 1999;149(8-10):241-7. PMID: 10483691 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
Klinične študije o antioksidativnem delovanju:
* Brown JE, Rice-Evans CA. International Antioxidant Research Centre, UMDS-Guy´s Hospital, London, UK. Luteolin-rich artichoke extract protects low density lipoprotein from oxidation in vitro. Free Radic Res. 1998 Sep;29(3):247-55. PMID: 9802556 [PubMed].
* Gebhardt R. Physiologisch-Chemisches Institut, University of Tubingen, Germany. Antioxidative and protective properties of extracts from leaves of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) against hydroperoxide- induced oxidative stress in cultured rat hepatocytes. Toxicol Applied Pharmacol. 1997 Jun;144(2):279-86. PMID: 9194411 [PubMed].
* Jimenez-Escrig A, Dragsted LO, Daneshvar B, Pulido R, Saura- Calixto F. Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Instituto del Frio, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Ciudad Universitaria, E-28040 Madrid, Spain. In vitro antioxidant activities of edible artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) and effect on biomarkers of antioxidants in rats. J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Aug 27;51(18):5540-5. PMID: 12926911 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Wang M, Simon JE, Aviles IF, He K, Zheng QY, Tadmor Y. New Use Agriculture and Natural Plant Products Program, Department of Plant Biology and Pathology, Rutgers University, 59 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, USA. Analysis of antioxidative phenolic compounds in artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.). J Agric Food Chem. 2003 Jan 29;51(3):601-8. PMID: 12537429 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Zapolska-Downar D, Zapolski-Downar A, Naruszewicz M, Siennicka A, Krasnodebska B, Koldziej B. Chair of Clinical Biochemistry and Laboratory Diagnoastic, Regional Ctr. Atherosclerosis Research, Pomeranian Academy of Medicine, ul. Powstancow Wlkp. 72, PL-70-111, Szczecin, Poland. Protective properties of artichoke (Cynara scolymus) against oxidative stress induced in cultured endothelial cells and monocytes. Life Sci. 2002 Nov 1;71(24):2897-08. PMID: 12377270 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Llorach R, Espin JC, Tomas-Barberan FA, Ferreres F. Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, P.O. Box
4195, Murcia 30080, Spain. Artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) byproducts as a potential source of health-promoting antioxidant phenolics. J Agric
Food Chem. 2002 Jun 5;50(12):3458-64. PMID: 12033811 [PubMed- indexed for MEDLINE].
* Pérez García F, Marín E, Adzet T, Cañigueral S. Untitat de Farmacologia i Farmacognosia, Facultat de Farmacia, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain. Activity of artichoke leaf extract on reactive oxygen species. Free Rad Res 2000, 33: 661-665. PMID: 11200096 [PubMed].
Klinične študije o vplivu na holesterol:
* Gebhardt R. Physiologisch-chemisches Institut der Universitat, D-
72076 Tubingen, Germany. Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in primary cultured rat hepatocytes by artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) extracts. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1998 Sep;286(3):1122-8. PMID: 9732368 [PubMed].
* Gebhardt R. Institut fur Biochemie, Universitatsklinikum Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany. Inhibition of cholesterol biosynthesis in HepG2 cells by artichoke extracts is reinforced by glucosidase pretreatment. Phytother Res. 2002 Jun;16(4):368-72. PMID: 12112295 [PubMed- indexed for MEDLINE].
* Wegener T. The status of herbal antilipemic agents. Wien Med Wochenschr. 2002;152(15-16):412-7. PMID: 12244889 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Thompson Coon JS, Ernst E. Complementary Medicine, Peninsula Medical School, Universities of Exeter and Plymouth, 25 Victoria Park Road, Exeter EX2 4NT, United Kingdom. Herbs for serum cholesterol reduction: a systematic view. J Fam Pract. 2003 Jun;52(6):468-78. PMID: 12791229 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Shimoda H, Ninomiya K, Nishida N, Yoshino T, Morikawa T, Matsuda H, Yoshikawa M. Kyoto Pharmaceutical University, Misasagi, Yamashina-ku, Kyoto 607-8412, Japan. Anti-hyperlipidemic sesquiterpenes and new sesquiterpene glycosides from the leaves of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.): structure requirement and mode of action. Bioorg Med Chem Lett. 2003 Jan 20;13(2):223-8. PMID: 12482428 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Del Vecchio A. Action of an extract of artichoke (Cynara scolymus) on cholesterolesterase in vitro. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper. 1953 Jan;29(1):48-50. PMID: 13066651 [PubMed-OLDMEDLINE for Pre1966].
* Pittler MH, Thompson CO, Ernst E. Department of Complementary Medicine, University of Exeter, 25 Victoria Park Road, Exeter, Devon, UK, EX2 4NT. M.H. Artichoke leaf extract for treating hypercholesterolaemia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2002;(3):CD003335. PMID: 12137691 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Pristautz H. Cynarin in the modern management of hyperlipemia. Wien Med Wochenschr. 1975 Dec 5;125(49):705-9. PMID: 820084 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Montini M, Levoni P, Ongaro A, Pagani G. Controlled application of cynarin in the treatment of hyperlipemic syndrome. Observations in 60 cases. Arzneimittelforschung. 1975 Aug;25(8):1311-4. PMID: 170949 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Englisch W, Beckers C, Unkauf M, Ruepp M, Zinserling V. Novartis Consumer Health GmbH, Munich, Germany. Efficacy of Artichoke dry extract in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. Arzneimittelforschung. 2000 Mar;50(3):260-5. PMID: 10758778 [PubMed- indexed for MEDLINE].
* Heckers H, Dittmar K, Schmahl FW, Huth K. Inefficiency of cynarin as therapeutic regimen in familial type II hyperlipoproteinaemia. Atherosclerosis. 1977 Feb;26(2):249-53. PMID: 576409 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Grogan JL, Honigberg IL. Potential hypocholesterolemic agents: dicinnamoykl esters as analogs of cynarin. J. Pharm Sci. 1972 May;61(5):802-3. PMID: 5035795 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Bobnis W, Szmatloch E, Wesolowska T, Wojcicki J, Zielinski T. Case of primary hyperlipemia treated with cynarin. Wiad Lek. 1973 Jul 1;26(13):1267-70. PMID: 4728844 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
Klinične študije o učinkih na ožilje:
* Samochowiec L. Further studies on anti-arteriosclerotic properties of Cynara scolymus L and Cynara cardunculus L. Acta Physiol Pol. 1960
Sep-Dec;11:879-81. PMID: 13745931 [PubMed-OLDMEDLINE for Pre1966].
* Samochowiec L. Habczynska D, Wazna-Bogunska C. Effect of the atherogenic diet and Cynara scolymus L, and Cynara cardunculus L. on the histopathological picture of the coronary vessels and myocardium in rats. Patol Pol. 1962 Jul-Sep;13:337-48. PMID: 13991323 [PubMed- OLDMEDLINE for Pre1966].
Klinične študije o učinkih na prebavni sistem:
* Wegenwr T, Fintelmann V. Dienstleistung Phytopharmaka, Rheda-Wiedenbruck. Pharmacological properties and therapeutic profile of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.). Wien Med Wochenschr. 1999;149(8-
10):241-7. PMID: 10483691 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Holtmann G, Adam B, Haag S, Collet W, Grunewald E, Windeck T. Division of Internal Medicine, Department of Gastroenterology, University of Essen, Germany. Efficacy of artichoke leaf extract in the treatment of patients with functional dyspepsia: a six-week placebo- controlled, double-blind, multicentre trial. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003
Dec;18(11-12):1099-105. PMID: 14653829 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Wegener T, Fintelmann V. Dienstleistung Phytopharmaka, Rheda-Wiedenbruck. Pharmacological properties and therapeutic profile of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.). Wien Med Wochenschr. 1999;149(8-10):241-7. Review. German. PMID: 10483691 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Marakis G, Walker AF, Middleton RW, Booth JC, Wright J, Pike DJ. Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, The University of Reading, UK. Artichoke leaf extract reduces mild dyspepsia in an open study. Phytomedicine. 2002 Dec;9(8):694-9. PMID: 12587688 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Fintelmann V. Antidyspeptic and lipid-lowering effect of artichoke leaf extract. Zeitschrift fur Allgemeinmed 1996;72(Suppl 2):3–19.
Druge klinične študije:
* Mukhtar H. Agarwal R. Department of Dermatology, University Hospitals of Claveland, Case Western Reserve. University, OH 44106, USA. Skin cancer chemoprevention. J Investig Dermatol Symp Proc. 1996 Apr;1(2):209-14. PMID: 9627718 [PubMed–indexed for MEDLINE].
* Yasukawa K, Akihisa T, Oinuma H, Kaminaga T, Kanno H, Kasahara Y, Tamura T, Kumaki K, Yamanouchi S, Takido M. College of Pharmacy, Nihon University, Chiba, Japan. Inhibitory effect of taraxastane-type triterpenes on tumor promotion by 12-O- tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate in two-stage carcinogenesis in mouse skin. Oncology. 1996 Jul-Aug;53(4):341-4. PMID: 8692541 [PubMed]
* Burgueno Cela A. Note on the bacteriostatic action of “Cynara scolymus L.”. Farmacognosia. 1959 Apr-Jun;19:165-9. Spanish. PMID:
13806102 [PubMed-OLDMEDLINE for Pre1966].
* Walker A, Middleton R, Petrowicz O. The Hugh Sinclair Unit of Human Nutrition, School of Food BioSciences, The University of Reading, PO Box 226, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AP, UK. Artichoke leaf extract reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome in a post-marketing surveillance study. Phytother Res 2001; 15: 58-61. PMID: 11180525 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Khalkova Zh. An experimental study of the skin- and eye-irritating action of an artichoke preparation. Probl Khig. 1996;21:74-80. PMID:
9190602 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Quirce S, Tabar AI, Olaguibel JM, Cuevas M. Allergy Department, Hospital Virgen del Camino, Pamplona, Spain. Occupational contact urticaria syndrome caused by globe artichoke (Cynara scolymus). J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1996 Feb;97(2):710-1. PMID: 8621859 [PubMed- indexed for MEDLINE].
* Hinou J, Harvala C, Philianos S. Polyphenolic substances of Cynara scolymus L. leaves. Ann Pharm Fr. 1989;47(2):95-8. PMID: 2610472 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Hammouda FM, Seif el-Nasr MM, Shahat AA. Pharmaceutical Sciences Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, Cairo, Egypt. Flavonoids of Cynara scolymus L. cultivated in Egypt. Plant Foods Hum Nutr. 1993 Sep;44(2):163-9. PMID: 8378274 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Bogaert JP, Mortier F, Jouany JM, Pelt JM, Delaveau P. Organic acids, principally acid-alcohols, in Cynara scolymus L. (Compositae). Ann Pharm Fr. 1972 Jun;30(6):401-8. PMID: 5082443 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Nichiforesco E, Coucou V. On the determination of O- dihydrophenols of caffeic acid type present in artichoke leaves (Cynara scolymus L.). Ann Pharm Fr. 1965 Jun;23(6):419-27. PMID: 5844391 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Dranik LI. Quantitative analysis of cynarin in the leaves of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.). Farm Zh. 1965;20(5):56-9. Ukrainian. PMID: 5888688 [PubMed-indexed for MEDLINE].
* Dranil LI, Chernobai VT, Kolesnikov DG. On polyphenol compounds of artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.). Med Prom SSSR. 1964
May;18:23-7. PMID: 14224112 [PubMed-OLDMEDLINE for Pre1966].
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